Dai, the U.S. training staff and senior cadres of the Loyalist Salvation Army at the base
The impression of the “Sino-American Cooperation Institute” is largely derived from the novel “Red Rock”, the film “Life in Flames” and the opera “Jiang Jie”. In the novel, film and opera, it became synonymous with the “crimes of the U.S. and Chiang” and was an “Anti-Communist concentration camp. However, a great deal of historical facts show that the “Sino-American Cooperation Institute”, which has long been vilified by the Chinese Communist Party, was actually a transnational military intelligence cooperation agency established by the United States and China during World War II, and was credited with the shooting down of Japanese Navy Fleet Commander Isoroku Yamamoto’s plane in 1943, which is arguably one of the highlights in the history of Sino-American relations.
In October 2011, the Military Intelligence Bureau of Taiwan‘s Ministry of National Defense held a press conference to release a new book, “Inada Navy: A Record of Visits by U.S. Personnel of the U.S.-China Special Technical Cooperation Institute,” and an updated and revised edition of an older book, “Journal of the U.S.-China Cooperation Institute.” Nine Americans who fought alongside the Chinese back then participated in the launch. Pivis, a leader who is almost 90 years old, said at the conference that they arrived in China back then when China needed them most, “The work we were doing in mainland China at that Time included coastal observation, included training of Chinese guerrillas, included radio manipulation of reports, and other special missions.”
It is curious to see what merit such a Sino-American cooperation office actually established during the war.
Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor triggered U.S.-China intelligence cooperation
In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and the U.S. declared war on Japan, and the Chinese national government declared war on Japan and Germany.
It goes without saying that an accurate grasp of meteorological, hydrological, and military intelligence in the Pacific was essential to the U.S.-Japanese engagement. As early as early December 1941, the KMT Military Intelligence Bureau deciphered the secret message that The Japanese Navy would attack Pearl Harbor and gave it to the U.S. side, but the U.S. side did not pay attention to it because it suspected that China intended to provoke the U.S.-Japan relationship.
After the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Navy reviewed the serious mistake of ignoring the information from the KMT’s Military Intelligence Bureau and began secret contacts with the Chinese side to seek cooperation in intelligence. early 1942, at the Grand Hotel in Washington, D.C., Admiral King, Captain William Lee and Major Mellors had a detailed discussion with Military Attaché Xiao Bo of the Chinese Embassy in the United States. On behalf of the head of the Military Intelligence Bureau, Dai Gan, Xiao Bo said that the Bureau could provide all kinds of convenience for the U.S. Army in China; he hoped that the U.S. Navy would help the Bureau train guerrilla agents and provide weaponry, secret service equipment, and munitions.
Mellors drew up a program of “Friendship and Cooperation Plan” based on the contents of the talks between the two sides, stipulating that “the United States will provide the KMT Military Intelligence Bureau with technology, equipment, armaments and ammunition, and military supplies; the KMT Military Intelligence Bureau will provide personnel to the U.S. Navy to establish mine blasting stations, meteorological intelligence stations, intelligence reconnaissance stations, telecommunication intelligence detection and translation stations, and operational Demolition Stations ……”
In May 1942, Mellors was ordered to come to China and meet with Dai Kasa, Director of the Military Intelligence Bureau. Dai indicated that this time the Chinese and American intelligence cooperation was to bring out all that the military intelligence had to offer and cooperate fully without reservation.
In the summer and fall of the same year, Mellors led a group of naval agents on a second visit to China and officially began intelligence cooperation activities with the Military Intelligence. In the winter of that year, the two sides decided to jointly establish an intelligence agency, the Sino-US Special Technical Cooperation Institute, which would preside over Sino-US intelligence cooperation operations, with the Chinese side represented by the Military Intelligence Bureau and the American side represented by the Intelligence Agency of the Navy Department.
On April 15, 1943, the U.S. and China formally signed the Sino-American Cooperation Institute Agreement in Washington, D.C. The Chinese side was represented by Foreign Minister Song Ziwen in signing the agreement, and the American side was represented by Secretary of the Navy Knox. The Institute of Cooperation was located in Zhongjiashan, under Gele Mountain in Chongqing, and the Jagged Cave, where Chinese Communists were held, was in the same area. The Institute was directly subordinate to the top military commanders of the two countries, with Dai Kasa as director and Mellors as deputy director, both of whom enjoyed veto power over the work of the Institute.
It is obvious that the purpose of the Institute was to fight against Japan together with the United States, not to establish any “anti-communist concentration camps”.
In 2011, AIT Deputy Director Ma Yirei said, “Between 1943 and 1945, there were about 2,500 American brothers in the CACI, mostly from the Navy and Marines. This was the first and only time ever that the United States fully integrated American troops into a foreign military under a foreign commander.”
Meritorious Service of the Resistance
According to the article “The Truth About the Sino-American Cooperation Institute: Meritorious Resistance to Japan Was Not an Anti-Communist Concentration Camp Like Jagged Cave” published in the June 20, 2011 issue of the Times, the Sino-American Cooperation Institute had a secretary’s office, a military group, an intelligence group, a weather group, a special police group, a detection and translation group, and a psychological operations group, with a maximum of more than 6,000 personnel in the entire Institute.
The Institute played a number of roles in the war against Japan. In just one year from June 1944 to June 1945, the troops under the command of the Sino-American Cooperation Institute killed 23,000 Japanese troops, wounded 9,000, captured 300, and destroyed 209 bridges, 84 locomotives, 141 ships, and 97 Japanese munitions depots.
Its specific merits in the war against Japan are reflected in.
First, deciphering Japanese codes. According to the recollection of Bao Zhihong, former Major General Director of the Military Intelligence Division of the Military Intelligence Bureau, the U.S. Air Force shot down the seat of Japanese Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku with the credit of the Military Intelligence Bureau personnel of the Sino-American Cooperation Institute in telecommunications detection and code-breaking.
Second, the provision of meteorological information. The Sino-American Cooperation Institute established a number of meteorological stations and observation posts to provide meteorological information for the U.S. Navy and Air Force, which played an important role in the U.S. military operations of island-by-island attacks on Japan-occupied islands in the Pacific and bombing of the Japanese mainland.
A postwar U.S. Department of the Navy report even had the comment that the military and meteorological information provided by the Chinese side to the United States through Sino-American cooperation in the Japanese occupation zone “became the only source of intelligence for the U.S. Pacific Fleet and U.S. submarines off the Chinese coast to attack the enemy navy.
Third, training of Chinese personnel. The U.S.-China Cooperation Institute ran a series of training courses in various locations, such as special police training courses, training courses for assistant instructors (to assist U.S. military instructors in their training work), military intelligence training courses, meteorological intelligence training courses, field medical personnel training courses, and demolition training courses …… In addition, in order to train a 50,000-100,000 man force for China in the short term In addition, in order to train a modern armed guerrilla force of 50,000-100,000 people for China to fight against Japan in the short term, the Sino-US Cooperation Institute also established Sino-US special technology training courses in Chongqing, Hunan Nanyue, Henan Linru, Anhui Xiongcun, Suiyuan Shaanba, Fujian Jianou and other places one after another.
In addition to military operations, the Sino-American Cooperation Institute also carried out some work in psychological and economic warfare against Japan. For example, they listened to Japanese radio broadcasts and used secret broadcasts to interfere and counter-propaganda, launched propaganda campaigns to break the morale of the Japanese army, created panic among the Japanese army and pseudo-army, and boosted the fighting spirit of the anti-Japanese army and people behind the enemy lines; they printed fake Wang-fake savings certificates and smuggled them to the fallen areas to disrupt Japanese finance, and purchased large quantities of Japanese goods and supplies from the fallen areas to transport back to the rear.
U.S. Evaluation of Sino-American Cooperation Institute
On September 13, 1945, the U.S. Navy disclosed for the first time in an official press conference one of the “best kept military secrets”, namely the Sino-American Cooperation Institute, stating that it had made a great contribution to the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s complete fight against the Japanese occupied islands, the Japanese Navy and Japan as a whole.
End of Sino-American Cooperation Institute
After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Sino-American Cooperation Institute was ordered by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to suspend its activities because, according to the previous agreement, “the Sino-American Cooperation Institute was established as a result of the war against Japan and shall be declared closed immediately if the war is over.”
On September 29, 1945, Mellors was sent back to the U.S. by two U.S. Army doctors for neurasthenia, and on October 11, a brief ceremony was held in the auditorium of the Military Intelligence Bureau at the base of Mt. All training courses and intelligence stations were closed. …… By July and August 1946, all closing procedures were completed.
Stigmatization of the Sino-American Cooperation Institute
After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, the “Such a Sino-American Special Technical Cooperation Institute” issued in 1950 stated that the Institute was “a training center and a command post for the American agents to direct the KMT agents to monitor, detain and massacre the Chinese people” and that the Jags Cave and the White House were the KMT’s “biggest prison for the Chinese people”. It even said that “the Sino-American Cooperation Institute itself is a rare and appalling human cave”.
The main reason for the CCP’s accusation of the CAC was that Dai Qing, who was in charge of the CAC, was also the director of the Military Intelligence Bureau, and the American weapons and equipment obtained by the American-trained combatants, police and agents were used in the Communist civil war, so the responsibility for the shooting of Chinese political prisoners by the Kuomintang in the nearby Jiaozhu Cave was put on the CAC’s account.
As for the “White House”, it was originally the country house of Bai Ju, a division commander under the Sichuan warlord Yang Sen, and was used as a temporary detention center by the Military Intelligence Bureau in the winter of 1939, and later as a place for American personnel of the Sino-American Cooperation Institute. After the victory of the war, the American personnel returned to China, and the White House resumed its function of holding political prisoners, mainly at a higher level.
According to the article “A Brief Analysis of the “Sino-American Cooperation Institute Concentration Camp” written by Deng Youping, a former editor and researcher of the Gele Mountain Memorial Museum in Chongqing, the killing of Chinese political prisoners by the Kuomintang occurred after the withdrawal of the Sino-American Cooperation Institute. In other words, “the Sino-American Cooperation Institute had nothing to do with these arrests, detentions, massacres, and other criminal activities.”
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, the real intention of the CCP in stigmatizing the Sino-American Cooperation Institute was to belittle the Nationalist government’s outstanding efforts in the war against Japan, while hiding its true face of not fighting against Japan and concentrating on expanding its own power. However, what is false is not true, and neither is what is true. With the irrefutable historical information disclosed by Taiwan, another CCP lie has been exposed.
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