The “two bombs and one star” refer to nuclear bombs, missiles and artificial satellites. According to the official information of the Chinese Communist Party, China’s first atomic bomb was successfully exploded on October 16, 1964, and China’s first ground-to-ground missile with a nuclear warhead was successfully exploded in flight on October 27, 1966; on June 17, 1967, China’s first hydrogen bomb was successfully tested in an air explosion; and on April 24, 1970, China’s first artificial satellite was successfully launched.
In addition to the help of the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communist Party was able to master the “two bombs and one star” technology within a short period of time after the establishment of the government, but also relied mainly on the 23 scientists, mostly returned from overseas, whom the authorities regarded as the “two bombs and one star geniuses” and awarded or posthumously awarded in 1999 The medal of merit was awarded or posthumously awarded in 1999. In addition to Ren Xinmin, these 23 scientists include Yu Min, Wang Daheng, Wang Xiji, Zhu Guangya, Sun Jiadong, Wu Ziliang, Chen Fangyun, Chen Nengkuan, Yang Jiachi, Zhou Guangzhao, Qian Xuesen, Tu Shou E, Huang Weilu, Cheng Kaijia, Peng Huanwu, Wang Jianchang, Deng Jiaxian, Zhao Jiuzhang, Yao Tongbin, Qian Ji, Qian Sanqiang, and Guo Yonghuai.
However, what is less known is that, except for a few who received special protection, many of these 23 people also did not escape persecution by the Chinese Communist Party.
Yao Tongbin, an expert on missiles and aerospace materials, was killed alive
Yao Tongbin, a famous expert in missile and aerospace materials and technology, was one of the main founders of the China Institute of Missile and Aerospace Materials and Technology. He studied in the Department of Industrial Metallurgy of the University of Birmingham, England, and received his Ph.D. degree in 1951. in 1954, he went to the Department of Metallurgy of the Technical University of Aachen, Federal Germany, to work as a researcher and assistant professor in the Foundry Research Department.
During his study in England, Yao Tongbin joined the “Chinese Scientists’ Association UK Branch” and the “General Association of Chinese Students in England” formed by the Chinese Communist Party underground. At the end of 1957, he chose to return to China and served as a researcher and director of the Materials Research Department of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense and director of the Institute of Materials Research, mainly developing rocket materials and processes. At that time, he was full of pride to make contribution to the country.
From 1961 to 1964, the Institute carried out more than 500 research projects and technical researches, and achieved a large number of scientific research results, breaking the technological blockade imposed by the Soviet Union and other countries on the Chinese Communist Party, to the delight of the Chinese Communist Party, which was at war with the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, a statistic was made that about 80% of the advance research topics proposed by Yao Tongbin had been used in rocket development.
However, such an expert, who did not listen to the world, who listened to the Chinese Communist Party, and who worked tirelessly for technological progress, was killed alive during the Cultural Revolution launched by the “Mao Sun” he revered.
Soon after the start of the Cultural Revolution, Yao Tongbin, who had returned from abroad, was criticized and denounced. His wife, Peng Jieqing, recalled that on June 8, 1968, a Saturday, she left school in a hurry to go home. When she had just gone upstairs, the door of her house opened and the nanny told her the bad news: Yao Tongbin had been killed. She felt a dizzy spell and stood motionless outside the door, letting her handbag fall to the floor. Three terrified children ran over and pulled her into the house, crying.
That’s when she saw Yao Tongbin “lying upright on the sofa, his white shirt bloodied and his gray pants stained with blood and dirt. Because he was tall, two feet stretched out on the armrest of the sofa, one foot wearing socks and shoes, the other foot bare, no shoes and socks. The head was on the armrest at the other end of the sofa, the tortoiseshell glasses were missing, and the face was bruised and battered”. Such a gruesome scene made her liver and guts split.
It turns out that a group of Red Guards broke into Yao Tongbin’s house that day and first slapped him, then dragged him downstairs and pushed him, beating him severely. “One guy kicked Yao Tongbin’s perineum hard and howled hysterically, and his roar attracted more thugs. At this point two thugs raised steel rods and punched Yao Tongbin in the head, blood immediately came out and he fell down”. The thugs did not give up and continued to drag him to their “headquarters”. When they found out that the person had failed, and quickly sent back to the sidewalk in front of their home building.
Yao Tongbin’s neighbors and nanny quickly took him to the hospital, but was refused medical treatment. Neighbors and nannies had to carry him back home. As he suffered several serious head injuries, he eventually died tragically at home at the age of 46. It is reported that the powers that be who manipulated this vicious incident were not prosecuted.
In 1978, after the end of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Communist Party awarded Yao Tongbin the title of “martyr”.
Nuclear physicist Deng Jiaxian and his wife were criticized, and his third sister committed suicide.
When Deng Jiasian’s name is mentioned, many people will immediately associate him with nuclear testing. Deng, a graduate of Southwest United University, studied in the United States in 1948 and received his doctorate in physics, returning to China in 1950 and joining the Chinese Communist Party in 1956. He served as Vice President and President of the Ninth Research Institute of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and Deputy Director of the Science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, responsible for the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs. During his lifetime, he participated in a total of 32 nuclear tests, among which he personally went to Lopbos to direct the tests 15 times. Lacking the necessary protection, he died of rectal cancer after suffering from long-term radiation damage.
During the Cultural Revolution, Deng and his family were not spared the same fate. Deng’s wife, Xu Luxi, a professor at Beijing Medical College, was first branded as a “gangster” of Peng Zhen and Liu Ren’s “Black Market Committee”, and she was plastered all over with big-character posters, which almost broke her spirit. At that time, Deng Jiaxian did not see his wife coming home, so he went to Beijing Medical College to look for her. When he saw the tragic scene of his wife being criticized, his heart was broken.
Later, the third sister, whom Deng Jiaxian respected very much, chose to commit suicide because she could not bear the endless torture of the rebels.
In 1971, the winds of the Cultural Revolution hit the Nine Institutes, and Deng, Yu Min, Zhao Jiuzhang and others were sent to the Qinghai base to be criticized. Xu Lushi said that the Gang of Four had a plan at that time to beat up those who were engaged in nuclear weapons. At that time, there was a slogan: “Those who know English are American agents, those who know Russian are Soviet agents,” which shows the intensity of the persecution. Later, the Chinese Communist Party released Deng back to Beijing because of Yang’s visit from the United States.
I would also like to talk about Deng’s best disciple, the unknown researcher Zhao Chu. A post on the Internet revealed that the most critical core technology of nuclear bombs required overcoming an incredibly complex functional equation, and it was Zhao Chu who overcame this equation. Because the equation is too complex, only Zhao Chu can calculate, in order to facilitate the use of others, he made a multi-functional cross-reference table of several pages, the most critical information needed to build each nuclear bomb, are to check from the table. For the sake of secrecy, there was only one copy of this table, which was kept in a secret room in a nuclear bomb engineering base deep in the desert in the northwest.
In 1969, after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Chu was criticized and locked up by the rebels in the secret room where the key function table was stored. For three days, Zhao Chu, who could not eat a grain of rice or drink a drop of water, decided to swallow the unique function table into his stomach and then gritted his teeth and used the tip of a fountain pen to open his artery to commit suicide.
When Deng Jiaxian heard about it, he was so grief-stricken that he folded all the information needed to build that key function equation into paper money and burned it in front of Zhao Chu’s grave. From that time on, the most crucial part of the Chinese Communist Party’s nuclear bomb was lost.
Before Deng’s death in 1986, the cadres sent by the central government stood anxiously at his bedside, begging him almost in a pleading tone to reconstruct the functional equations.
Deng’s reply was: When I closed my eyes, I saw the blood of Zhao Chu, who made me understand the truth that it is a crime against humanity to let destructive power be in the hands of forces that should not hold it. Such a late awakening is already too late.
Nuclear physicist Qian Sanqiang and his wife were deported
Qian Sanqiang was one of the first generation of Chinese nuclear physicists, one of the pioneers and founders of China’s modern atomic energy industry, and his wife He Zehui was a colleague at the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris, and they were known as the “Chinese Curie couple”.
In May 1948, Qian Sanqiang and He Zehui returned to China with the wish to serve their country. After the secret birth of China’s nuclear weapons development program in 1955, Qian Sanqiang became a special person to lead the development of the atomic bomb.
Qian Sanqiang chose the young Deng Jiaxian to be the director of the theoretical department of the Ninth Institute of the Second Machine Department, and Deng became the de facto chief of the theoretical design of the Chinese atomic bomb. Under the mobilization and organization of Qian Sanqiang and others, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Second Machinery Department, and the Ninth Research Institute of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, which was later established, joined together to deal with a series of technical problems in the development of the atomic and hydrogen bombs.
On the night of the explosion of China’s first atomic bomb in October 1964, Qian Sanqiang was notified to attend a criticism meeting to listen to criticism and opinions. He wrote in his diary that day: “Today the atomic bomb went up, I was informed in the afternoon, listened to the radio, met from 5 to 7, made comments to me, and sent me to the countryside to engage in the ‘Four Clean-up Campaigns’, which reminded me of a quote from a Chinese Communist Party cadre that actual life is complicated, and in the future you will know that the Party also There are still struggles. I didn’t understand it at that time, but only ten years later did I understand the meaning of this statement.”
Qian Sanqiang went to Henan to carry out the “Four Clean-ups”, and even his name was changed to Xu Jin. The “Four Clean-ups” campaign was a prelude to the Cultural Revolution, in which more than 5 million people were rectified and more than 77,000 were persecuted to death in just two or three years.
On October 27, 1969, after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Qian Sanqiang was informed that he should leave Beijing within three days and go to the “May 7 Cadre School” in Heyang, Shaanxi Province. Before he left, he had the courage to propose that he and He Zehui should go to work together in the cadre school so that they could take care of each other. His request was not approved at that time, and it was not until December 1 that He Zehui was approved to go to the Heyang cadre school. At that time, Qian Sanqiang was already very old and unfamiliar with all kinds of farming work, but he still had to do all kinds of work. The three children of Mr. and Mrs. Qian Sanqiang were also sent down to rural Shaanxi.
In 1992, Qian Sanqiang passed away, and in 1999, the Chinese Communist Party awarded him the medal, what would Qian Sanqiang, who was treated as a “patriotic” prop by the Chinese Communist Party during his life and after his death, feel if he knew what he was doing?
The physicist Wang Jianchang is guilty of numerous crimes
Wang Jianchang, a famous physicist, passed away in 1998. He was one of the main founders of China’s nuclear weapons development. He studied at the University of Berlin in Germany in his early years and received his doctorate degree, then returned to China under the influence of the Chinese Communist Party. proposal, and his involvement in the development of the atomic and hydrogen bombs.
During the 1957 anti-rightist movement, Xu Lianying and Zhou Zhicheng, students working at Zhejiang University who were recalled by Wang, were both branded as rightists. Wang gave them as much help as he could, even sending 30 yuan a month from the Sichuan nuclear base to support Xu Liangying’s life.
After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Wang became the target of criticism, including “bourgeois reactionary academic authority,” “philosophy of living,” and “disturbing the military,” among countless other charges. Even those who sympathized with and supported Wang were arrested and forced to give an account of their relationship with Wang with a fake gunshot.
After surviving the Cultural Revolution, Wang continued his scientific work. I wonder if he had a new understanding of the Chinese Communist Party at that time?
Optical expert Wang Daheng sweeps the toilet
Born in Japan and graduated from the Department of Technical Optics, Department of Physics, Imperial College, University of London, Wang Daheng was regarded by the Chinese Communist Party as “an important academic founder, pioneer and organizational leader of the Chinese optics community”, who made important contributions to laser technology, remote sensing technology, metrology science and chromaticity standards.
After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, Wang Daheng, who was originally working in England, chose to return to China. After a brief stint at Dalian University, he went to Changchun Institute of Optical Precision Machinery of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as a researcher and director. Changchun Institute of Optics and Precision Machinery was a research institution with strong technical strength at that time. In the early 1960s, a number of large-scale national defense projects such as precise measurement of orbital parameters of missile operation were launched here one after another.
After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, the Institute was initially protected by the military and nothing serious happened, but then, with the support of Wang Huaixiang, director of the Jilin Provincial Revolutionary Committee, Shan Kui Zhang, then secretary of the party group and director of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Bureau, branded 166 veteran scientists and young scientists of the Institute as spies, and 10 scientific and technical personnel were killed.
Wang Daheng, who was branded as a “reactionary academic authority,” was sent down to work under supervision, and the main reason he was not persecuted more severely was that he had to lead the national defense research work. Wang Daheng simply asked to sweep the toilets, and he later said, “It’s a strategy to shut their mouths, right?”
In 1977, under Deng Xiaoping’s instructions, the “166-member secret agent case” was “vindicated” by the Chinese Communist Party, and Hu Yaobang, then head of the Central Organization Department, called the unjust case “appalling”.
Geophysicist and Space Physicist Zhao Jiuzhang Commits Suicide
Zhao Jiuzhang was a geophysicist and space physicist who was the first person to introduce mathematics and physics into Chinese meteorology. After graduating from Tsinghua in his early years, he went to Germany to study at the University of Berlin and received his doctorate. Upon his return to China, he served as a professor at Southwest United University.
After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhao Jiuzhang became the director of the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the director of the “651” satellite design institute, and participated in the creation of the Chinese University of Science and Technology. He presided over the development plan of China’s first artificial satellite and the planning concept of satellite series.
After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, in 1967, the “rebels” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences began to seize power, and Zhao Jiuzhang was paraded through the streets every day, and a square board was hung around his neck with the words “Reactionary academic authority Zhao Jiuzhang” written on it. After the parade, he returned to the Academy of Sciences to receive criticism, and at night he had to write an examination and confession.
At the beginning of 1968, he was sent to the Red Guard Brigade in the suburbs of Beijing for labor reform. The rebels hung a big sign around his neck, which read “Down with the bourgeois reactionary academic authority Zhao Jiuzhang!” Then a big black cross was put on it. On October 26 of the same year, Zhao Jiuzhang committed suicide by taking sleeping pills after writing an examination in the early morning. He died at the age of 61.
The stories of other founding fathers
The 23 “two bombs and one star” fathers are not the only ones who suffered persecution, but others can only be briefly described because of space limitations.
Tu Shouyi, a rocket expert, was labeled a “bourgeois reactionary academic authority” during the Cultural Revolution and was severely criticized.
Zhou Guangzhao, a theoretical physicist and particle physicist, had his house raided several times during the Cultural Revolution and was criticized. His parents-in-law, who helped him take care of his children, were also expelled.
Yang Jia-chee, an expert in Chinese aerospace technology and automatic control, and the founder of automatic detection, was stopped from all administrative duties during the Cultural Revolution and sent to work in the unit’s canteen, and had to write reviews during the day.
Chen Fangyun, an expert in radio electronics and space systems engineering, was dismissed from his post at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution and sent to work as a worker in a factory in southern Shaanxi Province for “training” and “reform”.
Wang Xiji, an expert in space return technology, was criticized during the Cultural Revolution. He was “invited” to a study class because his parachute failed to open during a parachute strength test and the model was shattered, which was considered a “new trend in the class struggle”.
Guo Yonghuai, a famous mechanic and applied mathematician and aerodynamicist, became an “American agent” because of his experience in studying in the U.S. He was censored in his unit and was killed in a plane crash in 1968.
During the Cultural Revolution, nuclear physicist Yu Min was sent to the Qinghai base with Deng Jiaxian and others to be criticized because the military leaders had coerced him to make a technical problem in a test a research line issue, but he refused to listen.
Conclusion
The Chinese Communist Party’s “two bombs and one star” ministers have objectively played a role in aiding and abetting the enemy. The persecution of many of them can make people see the danger of dancing with China and make them reflect on it.
Perhaps Deng’s late-life awakening can serve as a warning to their followers that it is a crime against humanity to allow destructive power to be in the hands of forces that should not be in control of it.
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