The Jiu San Society was formally established on May 4, 1946, after the end of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and the reason it was called “Jiu San Society” was to commemorate the day of Japanese surrender in the Chinese war zone. Its members are mainly senior and middle-ranking intellectuals in the science and technology field, with teachers, physicians, engineers, and other common occupations. Since its founding, it has actively assisted the Chinese Communist Party in its united front, and issued a manifesto in support of the Chinese Communist Party’s convening of a new political consultative conference before the Chinese Communist Party was about to establish its government.
The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TDSL), or “Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League”, was founded in 1947, and its members are mainly “people from Taiwan Province who live in mainland China”.
According to public information, some of the well-known scientists in the Jiu San Society include Wang Ganchang, Deng Jiaxian, Zhao Jiuzhang, Chen Fang Yun, Cheng Kaijia, and other experts of the “two bombs and one star” of the Chinese Communist Party. The author has already listed their persecution experiences during the Cultural Revolution in “Little Known Persecution Experiences of Experts of the Two Bombs and One Star”, in which nuclear physics expert Deng Jiaxian and his wife were criticized, and Deng Jiaxian’s respected third sister chose to commit suicide because she could not bear the endless torture by the rebels.
The physicist Wang Jianchang also became the target of criticism, and was accused of being a “bourgeois reactionary academic authority,” “living philosophy,” and “disturbing the military,” among countless other charges.
The geophysicist and space physicist Zhao Jiuzhang was not only paraded through the streets, but also forced to reform through labor, and in 1968, he committed suicide by taking Medicine. Chen Fangyun, an expert in radio electronics and space systems engineering, was dismissed from his position right after the Cultural Revolution began and sent to a factory in southern Shaanxi Province as a worker for “training” and “reform.
In addition to this, the Jiusan Society was persecuted by many people, especially the “five rightists” Jin Baoshan, Gu Dizhong, Lu Kanru, Yuan Hanqing, and Chu Anping, who were the most famous, in addition to the above-mentioned science and technology experts.
Jiu San Society Vice Minister of Propaganda Cui Anping disappeared
Born in Yixing, Cui Anping was educated in traditional Chinese Culture since he was a child, and later enrolled in the English Department of Shanghai Guanghua University. After his return to China, he served as a Writer and editor for the Central Daily News, a professor at Fudan University, a researcher at the Central University of Political Science, and the president and editor-in-chief of the magazine Observer.
Although Cui Anping, a fierce critic of the Kuomintang, had already seen through the Communist Party in the 1940s and believed that under the Kuomintang, “freedom” was still a question of “more” and “less”, while under the Communist Party, “freedom” became a question of “yes” and “no”, and “what the Communist Party advocates is also ‘party mastery’ and never ‘democracy'”, he finally chose to stay on the mainland, and from then on he had a series of bad luck.
In early 1957, Mao Zedong adopted the method of “luring snakes out of their holes” in order to purge intellectuals, asking the heads of democratic parties and intellectuals to give their opinions to the Communist Party, and some naive intellectuals put forward their views, including Chu Anping. In his speech at a symposium, he said that the key to the poor relationship between the party and the people was the problem of the “party world”. According to him, “leading the country does not mean that the country is owned by the party, and people support the party, but they do not forget that they are also the masters of the country. “The main purpose of a political party in gaining power is to realize its ideals and implement its policies. In order to ensure the implementation of its policies and consolidate the power it has gained, the party needs to control certain pivots in the state organs, which is all natural”, “but in the whole country, regardless of the size of the unit, or even a section or a group, a party member has to be the head, and everything has to be done according to the party’s colors, and only when the party member gives his nod. Counting, such a practice, is not too much some?”
Chu Anping thus concluded, “The party does not do so, is not ‘not the king’s land’ like the ideology, thus forming the current situation of such a Family of a clear color.” What shocked the participants was that he also directed his criticism at Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and called them “old monks” in a very disrespectful way. The question he wanted to ask Mao and Zhou was, “Why is there not a single person outside the Party among the current senior leaders of the country?”
Cui Anping’s remark about the “party world” and his criticism of Mao and Zhou not only shocked the Communist Party but also kept Mao Zedong awake for several days. Because of this shocking remark, he was branded as a rightist and became one of the top five rightists who still cannot be “rehabilitated”; because of this shocking act, his wife divorced him, his children separated from him, and his colleagues “denounced” him. Although he admitted his “mistakes,” the CCP did not let him off the hook.
In fear and anxiety, he continued to be persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. In late August 1966, Chu Anping attempted suicide by throwing himself into the river, and was not seen again after September. He has not been heard from since, whether he committed suicide, was killed, or became a monk. …… There is still no definite answer.
Gu Dizhong, head of the propaganda department of the Beijing branch of the Jiu San Society, was convicted for his words
In 1944, he went to India and became the president and editor-in-chief of the overseas Chinese newspaper “India Daily” before returning to China in 1946. After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, Gu chose to stay on the mainland, working as an editor and reviewer at the Beijing Higher Education Press and as the propaganda director of the Beijing branch of the Jiu San Society.
Before the 1957 anti-rightist movement, Gu made the following statement, which was published by the People’s Daily on June 26 of that year: “Since its adoption in 1954, the Constitution has been completely destroyed in some cases, and in some cases in name only.”
“Article 89 stipulates that personal freedom shall not be infringed upon and that no one shall be arrested except with the approval of the Procuratorate by decision of the court, but the actions during the purge proved that this article was all destroyed. The freedom of speech, of publication, of assembly, and of association, as provided for in Article 87, are in fact not guaranteed.”
“There is even less freedom of assembly and association, and many people’s groups are almost all officially underwritten. Can there be new democratic parties in? The Constitution doesn’t say no, but the fact is that no one dares to be bold.”
“Everyone treats the constitution as a piece of paper, and after it is passed, it’s just as well …… Now no one from Chairman Liu to the average citizen mentions protecting the constitution. If this continues, treating the Constitution as a piece of paper, imprisoning people indiscriminately, arresting people indiscriminately, opening (private) letters, etc., can do whatever they want, how can we imagine the future?”
“Party newspapers and non-party newspapers, and party newspaper reporters and non-party newspaper reporters were treated differently, and non-party newspaper reporters were treated with contempt when covering stories, and many agencies did not allow them to cover stories.”
“Before liberation there were many news agencies, now there are nominally two – China News Agency and Xinhua News Agency, in reality there is only one domestic news agency, Xinhua News Agency, which underwrites the news of the whole country and has a stomach too full to hold up.”
……
Because of the above remarks, Gu was branded as a “rightist” and demoted to a proofreader; he was “removed” in 1961, but was not “rehabilitated” until after the Cultural Revolution.
Jin Baoshan, former Director of the National Government health Bureau, was criticized
Born in 1893, Jin studied internal medicine and infectious diseases and biological products at Chiba Medical College and Tokyo Imperial University in Japan, and then went to the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health in the United States, where he received his master’s degree. After returning to China, he represented China at several world health conferences and was one of the founders of the World Health Organization in 1947.
In the summer of 1927, Jin Baoshan was invited to set up the Hangzhou Health Bureau and became its director, and in 1930, the Nanjing National Government established the Central Health Experimentation Division, of which he was the deputy director and was actually responsible for its work. The establishment of this division laid the foundation of modern medical and health science research career in China and cultivated a number of specialized talents. He also presided over the preparation and establishment of health and medical organizations and institutions in the west, and often went to the site personally to set up the work. In the 1940s, he served as the director of the National Government Health Department for seven years and did a lot of work to support the war effort. He was a skilled and experienced manager, and participated in the formulation of a series of policies on medical and health care in China, as well as the preparation of health prevention and research institutions.
In 1948, Jin Baoshan went to the United States to serve as the general medical advisor of the Children’s Emergency Fund of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. In 1951, he returned to China and served as the director of the technical office of the Ministry of Health, the director of the counselor’s office, and the director and professor of the Department of Health of Beijing Medical College.
In 1957, he was branded as a “rightist” because of his remarks. His remarks mainly included: “Invite more experts to participate in administrative leadership”, “At present, those in charge of health institutions and even operational institutions are all Party members, so experts are told to ‘go to administrative institutions’. “; “Now the director of the Ministry of Health is very weak, far worse than the Ministry of Health during the Kuomintang”; and so on.
On July 24 of that year, a meeting was held with more than 100 professors, lecturers and cadres of the administrative departments of Beijing Medical College, who criticized Jin Baoshan, saying that he “harbored evil intentions and had ulterior motives”. Wang Lihua, a lecturer in the Department of Health, said, “Jin Baoshan visited Shanxi and other places as a member of the CPPCC last year, and met many old colleagues in a certain place to talk to him about the purge, and Jin Baoshan came back and said to Wang in the department: the purge has been expanded and there is a mistake.”
In addition, Jin Baoshan’s remarks that “the political leadership of the Ministry of Health has been strengthened, but it has not been implemented in business” and his opposition to learning from the Soviet experience and teaching were also criticized by the participants for reversing black and white. Some participants also called him “anti-Party and anti-socialist”.
Naturally, Jin Baoshan could not escape from his fate. After being branded as a “rightist”, he was put into a “cattle shed” during the Cultural Revolution, where he was criticized during the day, reformed through labor, and studied, and was physically and mentally devastated.
After twenty years, Jin Baoshan passed away in 1984, having wasted a great deal of Time. Perhaps the moment he was branded as a “rightist” for comparing the differences between the Ministry of Health under the national government and the Chinese Communist Party, he realized that his choice was a big mistake. But it was too late to regret.
The death of Lu Kanru, a member of the Standing Committee of the Jiu San Society Central Committee
In 1931, Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun co-authored the 600,000-word History of Chinese Poetry, which was considered “a pioneering monograph on classical Chinese literature”. In 1931, Lu Kanru and Feng Yuanjun co-authored The History of Chinese Poetry, a 600,000-word work that some consider “a pioneering monograph on Chinese classical literature. The following year, they co-authored A Brief History of Chinese Literature, which was translated into many languages. In 1947, they came to Shandong University to teach, and since then, they have written extensively.
In 1953, Lu Kanru joined the Jiu San Society and became one of the founders of the local organization in Shandong, serving as a member of the Standing Committee of the Jiu San Society Central Committee, the chairman of the Qingdao Branch, and the director of the preparatory committee of the Jinan Branch.
On April 30, 1957, Mao Zedong publicly called on the democratic parties to discuss the issue of “professors ruling schools” at the Tiananmen Tower. As a result, they were branded as “rightists”. After being branded as a “rightist”, Lu Kanru’s personal morality of cheating on his wife and having an extramarital affair with a female subordinate when he was a vice president was also publicly exposed. In the criticism meeting attended by Xia Zhengnong, deputy secretary of Shandong Provincial Party Committee, Feng Yuanjun openly stated: “I have spent most of my Life with ‘tigers’ in the same bed, but did not notice, is a nervous paralysis, right?”
The “tiger” here is Feng Yuanjun’s nickname for her husband Lu Kanru. Feng Yuanjun also said, “In last year’s release, Lu Kanru exposed his ugly face as an anti-party, anti-people, anti-socialist person and degenerated into a rightist. If he is politically reactionary, it is impossible that his academic thinking is not reactionary. The love between husband and wife was torn apart in such a way under political oppression.
In 1963, Feng Yuanjun’s fate took a turn for the worse. She was appointed vice president of Shandong University.
After the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, the couple suffered further bad luck. Lu Kanru became a “dead tiger” and Feng Yuanjun became a “reactionary academic authority” and was repeatedly criticized, with her only job being to clean the corridors and toilets of the university. In December 1971, the Military Management Committee of Shandong Province Public Security Bureau decided to “exempt Lu Kanru from criminal punishment” and recommended that her original unit give her administrative punishment. Shandong University gave Lu Kanru “revocation of professorship” and his salary was reduced to the ninth grade of higher education.
On June 17, 1974, Feng Yuanjun, who had taken the word “professor” as his “mark of sin”, passed away due to rectal cancer. Three years later, Lu Kanru also died. As intellectuals, they not only experienced one movement after another, but also, sadly, their post-1949 works were all branded by the times: for example, they quoted Mao extensively at the end of each chapter to prove that Chinese literature and art had developed according to Mao’s thought. This also makes their research incomparable to that of the 1930s and 1940s, both in quantity and quality.
Yuan Hanqing, a member of the Standing Committee of the Jiu San Society Central Committee, goes to herd cattle
Yuan Hanqing is a well-known contemporary organic chemist, chemistry historian and chemistry educator who graduated from the University of Illinois with a Ph. After returning to China, he first taught at Nanjing Central University and then served as the director of Gansu Science and Technology Museum. in 1944, he joined the predecessor of the Jiu San Society. After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, he served as the director of the Bureau of Science Popularization of the Ministry of Culture, the chief editor of the Commercial Press, the secretary-general of the Northwest Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a researcher at the Chinese Institute of Scientific and Technological Information.
During the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957, Yuan Hanqing was branded as a “rightist”; during the Cultural Revolution, he was repeatedly criticized and censored in isolation under the label of “reactionary academic authority”, until he was sent to Henan for labor reform. According to his diary, he spent three years herding cattle, feeding pigs, digging ponds, repairing ridges, planting and scratching rice seedlings, and participating in an 18-hour wheat-cutting battle, as well as writing explanatory materials and receiving criticism. Once, Yuan Hanqing was almost killed by a cow while herding cattle.
According to his daughter Yuan Qicai’s recollection, Yuan Hanqing was very fond of a poem by Su Dongpo, “Things are like a spring dream without a trace”, which was later changed to “Things are not a spring dream without a trace”, and what made him feel this way was mainly the change of political storm.
In 1994, Yuan Hanqing passed away.
Xie Xuehong, the founder of the TCCU, was severely criticized
According to the history of the Chinese Communist Party, one of the influential figures in the “February 28th” incident in Taiwan in 1947 was Xie Xuehong, who was born and raised in Taiwan. After the failure of the riot, Xie left Taiwan for Hong Kong and Shanghai, where he founded the TAC.
So, how did Xie Xuehong become involved with the Communist Party? In 1928, Xie Xuehong returned from his studies and decided to establish the “Taiwan Communist Party” in Shanghai, with the aim of promoting the insurrection in Taiwan. He was arrested twice. Xie Xuehong’s husband, Yang Kehuang, was a member of the Communist Party.
After the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party, Xie Xuehong became a guest of the CPC, serving as a member of the East China Military and Political Affairs Commission, a member of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the State Council, Vice Chairman of the National Democratic Youth Federation, Executive Member of the National Women’s Federation, and Chairman of the First Headquarters Council of the TCCU.
In 1957, she was branded as a “rightist” during the anti-rightist movement. According to the chronology attached to Xie Xuehong’s biography “Half of My Life”, which was dictated by Xie and written by Yang Kehuang, Xie was repeatedly criticized by various factions of the TCCU between 1966 and 1969 after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, and her record of criticism is as follows: from September 3 to 14, 1966, she was raided and criticized four times at her Home in Yong’anli; on April 14, 1967, she was raided again. On April 29, 1967, he was criticized at the TCC office; on March 1, 1969, he was criticized at a meeting ……
In the ten criticism meetings against Xie Xuehong, it can be said that the “sins” of the 1952 Rectification Movement were almost rehashed again. Beijing’s Guangming Daily said, “Xie Xuehong joined the Communist Party in 1947, and for ten years she has been calling herself a ‘veteran revolutionary’ and a ‘228 heroine’, with her eyes open to everything but herself. ” She was accused of “releasing many poisonous arrows” to attack the CCP. As a result, Xie Xuehong was labeled as an “anti-Party, anti-socialist” and a “traitor to the Communist Party and a deserter from 228.
In such a repressive environment, Xie Xuehong soon contracted lung cancer and passed away on November 5, 1970, at the age of 69. Because of her status as a critic, she died not in her hospital room, but in the aisles of the hospital.
Conclusion
In addition to those mentioned above, there were many other members of Jiu San Society and the TCCL who were persecuted and even persecuted to death by the Chinese Communist Party, such as Xu Deheng, Chairman of the Jiu San Society Central Committee, Wang Jiaji, member of the Standing Committee of the Jiu San Society Central Committee, Liu Xiying, member of the Jiu San Society Central Committee, Zhang Xi, director of the Qingdao Branch of the Jiu San Society, and Wang Tianqiang, director of the Fujian Branch of the TCCL. I wonder if the historical facts of a bloody persecution can sober up the democrats who are still addicted to the Chinese Communist Party’s united war candy.
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